Humankind is an incorporated biological shape of existence on Earth. However, as humans, we utilize natural manufactures in wide sides of our lifetimes; for shelter, food, waxes, resins, gums, perfumes, flavoring agents, cosmetics, spices, Rx and OTC pharmaceuticals, insecticides, herbicides, traditional medicines, and substances of abuse (Wilson, 2017; Cordell, 2018).
Massive globalization presently speeds the exchange between domestic and universal pharmacopoeias not only by means of universal business advantages but also through television, print media, and also the World Wide Web producing a return loop (Leonti, 2011; Leonti and Casu, 2013).
Plant substances are thence, a main aspect of universal health, whether that is individual health care as well as a patient ( but not a consumer!) or if that connects to the health state of the Earth (Wilson, 2017; Cordell, 2018).
The leakage of universal biomedical and phytotherapeutical awareness into domestic pharmacopoeias may drive to circular discussions in talks linked to medicine find and medicinal anthropology (Leonti, 2011; Leonti and Casu, 2013).
Space reconnaissance cultivated the procedure of miniaturization of instrumentation. However, the computer has been signed as the landmark innovation of the developed industrial mode of existence. But, it is actually the satellite and whole that it could perform in Earth orbit that supplied much impulses behind computer technology (Dudley-Flores and Gangale, 2007).
However, this allegedly variable connection between space and time has magnetized some scholarly awareness in modern years – and yet it is important to systematically gaze into this connection (Lahcen, 2015).
References
Cordell, G. (2018). Ecopharmacognosy – Why Natural Products Matter – Now and for the Future. Thai Bull Pharm Sci, 13 (1):1-9.
Dudley-Flores, M. and Gangale, T. (2007). "The Globalization of Space – The Astrosociological Approach", AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition, AIAA SPACE Forum. Long Beach, California.
Lahcen, A. (2015). The Globalisation of Space Activities: The Implications for Europe and Possible Strategies to Pursue. In: Al-Ekabi C., Baranes B., Hulsroj P., Lahcen A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2012/2013. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna.
Leonti, M. (2011). The future is written: impact of scripts on the cognition, selection, knowledge and transmission of medicinal plant use and its implications for ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134: 542–355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.017
Leonti, M. and Casu, L. (2013). Traditional medicines and globalization: current and future perspectives in ethnopharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4: 92. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00092
Wilson, E. (2017). Half Earth: our planet’s fight for life. New York: Liveright/W.W. Norton Company, p.272.
The expression pharmacognosy was first utilized within 1811 and 1815, and primarily related to ‘‘materia medica’’, the awareness of medicine substances or pharmacology. It is obtained from two Greek terms, pharmakon (which means a drug) and gignosko (to earn an awareness of) (Evans, 1996; Kinghorn, 2001).
It arrives as no surprise that day – in periods of almost immediate universal communication through the internet and fast universal transport – many viewers share an analogous idea of geographical space being annihilated (Lahcen, 2015).
Pharmacognosy!......But What's that?
Steadfast in medicine, pharmacognosy expanded as a distinguished discipline because of the requirement for an expert scope of knowledge that was significantly disconnected from the exercise of drugs (physicians), materia medica (pharmacology), the dispensing of drugs (pharmacy), and also, the recognition of medical plants (botany). And thus far, Pharmacognosy grew as an integration of these last three and thus developed as a common discipline (Upton et al., 2016).
In a similar way, the plant awareness of patients at facilities jointly was broadly similar, with a basically overlapping pick of popular, mostly inserted, species, and essentially the similar number of medical plants aforesaid overall. This points out that conventional medicinal awareness is a main section of a people’s cultivation that is being preserved while patients are as well embracing the advantages of occidental medicine (Bussmann, 2013).
Ecopharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Expressions
Ecopharmacognosy is a well-determined, various collection of technologies and sciences which runs at the cutting-rim. To what future finishes? To whom has this experience been given, and for what objective? For what will ecopharmacognosy accountable through function ? Which universal initiatives? Which government agencies? Which industries? (Cordell, 2018).
Ethnopharmacology is actually a multidisciplinary scope of inquiry discussing the rationale of anthropology and the pharmacological foundation of the medical usage of fungi, plants, animals, minerals, and micro-organisms by individual cultures (Leonti and Casu, 2013).
In addition, ethnopharmacopoeias are educational structures and in constant interchange and transformation. Domestic usage of medical plants and connected cultural healing notions are able to live together with, and complement, the domestic commercialization and usage of pharmaceuticals. Anyway, like coexistence considerably drives to syncretic evolutions as shown for provincial domestic communities in Peru and Mexico (Giovannini et al., 2011; Monigatti et al., 2012; Leonti and Casu, 2013).
References
Bussmann, R. (2013). The Globalization of Traditional Medicine in Northern Peru: From Shamanism to Molecules. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 291903, 46 pages.
Cordell, G. (2018). Ecopharmacognosy – Why Natural Products Matter – Now and for the Future. Thai Bull Pharm Sci, 13 (1):1-9.
Evans, W. C. (1996). Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy, 14th edn. W. B. Saunders, London.
Giovannini P., Reyes-García V., Waldstein A., Heinrich M. (2011). Do pharmaceuticals displace local knowledge and use of medicinal plants? Estimates from a cross-sectional study in a rural indigenous community, Mexico. Social Science & Medicine, 72 (6): 928–936. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.007
Kinghorn, A. D. (2001). Pharmacognosy in the 21st century. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 53: 135–148.
Lahcen A. (2015). The Globalisation of Space Activities: The Implications for Europe and Possible Strategies to Pursue. In: Al-Ekabi C., Baranes B., Hulsroj P., Lahcen A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2012/2013. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna.
Leonti, M. and Casu, L. (2013). Traditional medicines and globalization: current and future perspectives in ethnopharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4: 92. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00092
Monigatti M., Bussmann R., and Weckerle C. (2012). Medicinal plant use in two Andean communities located at different altitudes in the Bolívar Province, Peru. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 145: 450–464. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.066
Upton, R., Graff, A., Jolliffe, G., Länger, R., and Williamson, E. (Eds.). (2016). American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy - Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines. United States of America: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Assessing functional variety from space can assist predict stability and output of forest ecosystems at universal scale utilizing biodiversity– ecosystem working connections (Schneider et al., 2017).
In plant ecology branch, biodiversity survey has concentrated on the allocation of species established on taxonomic identity (Gotelli and Colwell, 2001). Trait-based paths are emerging quickly in plant ecology, supporting community framework and assembly, interlinkages between biogeochemical cycles and vegetation and as well, species interactions (Sakschewski et al., 2016).
However, we inspect scale dependency of various functional variety measures. We explain that functional variety measurements can be quantified at any desirable unit area inside the sampled region, restricted only through the trait maps' spatial resolution. This will permit—in future attempts—for direct and persistent mapping of functional variety from space (Schneider et al., 2017).
Moreover, industries are employing the sites of internet as a vehicle to elevate sales with most firms being less interested with keeping the public as with producing a profit (Rivera et al., 2013).
Pharmacognosy as a Branch of Knowledge
As we step inside the 21st century and the modern millennium, it may be debated that attention in pharmacognosy as a branch of knowledge and naturalist manufactures in common is at an all-time elevated (Kinghorn, 2001). Anyway, based on our everyday practices of touching, hearing, seeing, and moving over geographical space, we automatically resort to organize all kinds of knowledge and information in this geographical grid (Lahcen, 2015).
Furthermore, most of the existing generation does educate their kids about the usage of medical plants. The study by Bussmann, (2013) also presented what medical plants the respondents utilized for which aims. It would be pleasant to appreciate the features of the kinds utilized in bioassays.
A positive connection over prolonged time scales is fundamentally driven by functional variety due to an elevated resource use competence and employment as well as sampling impacts in a changing circumference, permitting plant societies to sustain elevated productivity over time (Hillebrand et al., 2008; Cadotte et al., 2011).
Ecopharmacognosy, as an exercise and philosophy, encourages seeking of sustainability in the evolution of natural manufactures in agriculture, health care, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals, at an early phase (Cordell, 2018). By mapping variety at measures of individual trees to all of communities we explain the possibility of assessing functional variety from space, giving a passage only restricted by technological improvements and not by methodology (Schneider et al., 2017).
References
Bussmann, R. (2013). The Globalization of Traditional Medicine in Northern Peru: From Shamanism to Molecules. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2013, Article ID 291903, 46 pages.
Cadotte, M., Carscadden, K. & Mirotchnick, N. (2011). Beyond species: functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 1079–1087.
Cordell, G. (2018). Ecopharmacognosy – Why Natural Products Matter – Now and for the Future. Thai Bull Pharm Sci, 13 (1):1-9.
Gotelli, N. and Colwell, R. (2001). Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol. Lett, 4, 379–391.
Hillebrand, H., Bennett, D. & Cadotte, M. (2008). Consequences of dominance: a review of evenness effects on local and regional ecosystem processes. Ecology, 89, 1510–1520.
Kinghorn, A. D. (2001). Pharmacognosy in the 21st century. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 53: 135–148.
Lahcen A. (2015). The Globalisation of Space Activities: The Implications for Europe and Possible Strategies to Pursue. In: Al-Ekabi C., Baranes B., Hulsroj P., Lahcen A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2012/2013. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna.
Rivera, J., Loya A., and Ceballos, R. (2013). Use of Herbal Medicines and Implications for Conventional Drug Therapy Medical Sciences. Alternative and Integrative Medicine, 2: 130. Doi:10.4172/2327- 5162.1000130
Sakschewski, B. et al., (2016). Resilience of amazon forests emerges from plant trait diversity. Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 1032–1036.
Schneider, F., Morsdorf, F., Schmid, B., Petchey, O., Hueni, A., Schimel, D., & Schaepman, M. (2017). Mapping functional diversity from remotely sensed morphological and physiological forest traits. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1441. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01530-3.